Raphael Lemkin

The Raphael Lemkin Award of the Institute for the Study of Genocide honors a pioneer in social justice. Raphael Lemkin, an attorney descended from Polish Jews, lived from 1900-1959 through two world wars and the Great Depression. Born in Imperial Russia before the October Revolution, he saw his related ethnic groups suffer atrocities in the early 20th century. This added later to his interest in the larger problem of genocide, a word he created from genos (Greek: race) and –cide (Latin: killing). During his graduate law education, he focused on the 1915 Armenian Genocide (ch. 1) of WWI and advocated its abolition in the League of Nations. He took on the case of Soghomon Tehlirian, assassin of a former Turkish Minister of the Interior as revenge for his role in the Armenian Genocide. Lemkin moved on to champion victims of the 1933 massacre of Christian Assyrians by Iraqis and then advocated for the minorities targeted by Nazis in Europe (ch. 2), especially Jews and the Poles. Joining the Polish Army, he himself lost 49 relatives in the Holocaust. His studies and his life experiences drove him on. It was difficult to convince America, other Allies, and the world that a Holocaust was actually occurring (ch. 3), partly due to anti-Semitism in many regions. Additionally, major nations were concentrating to fight back the Nazis and the Japanese in two theaters, with little notice at first of the plight of the Jews and the ghetto Poles. Knowing that this was all fact, Lemkin campaigned to educate the world about mass murder by naming it genocide and giving it the darkest personality. In 1944, he published Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, with his definition of this atrocity and continued to advocate his case against it publically. He spoke and wrote documents calling for the world to outlaw it through the United Nations. Humans’ committing same-species mass murder and psychological abuse against minority and ethnic groups was unnatural, twisted, and immoral. In light of his advocacy, he changed teaching and advising positions under political pressure to stop stirring up dissension, finally moving to USA in 1941. After his 1944 publication, he was able to become advisor to the US Supreme Court in the Nuremburg trials in which genocide was tried for two years. American policymakers did not wish to speak out against genocide or have responsibility for leading a movement against it. A large-scale military strike would — and did — cost many lives, dollars, and criticisms. It required a national commitment to Jews long-term and the related criticism. Lemkin continually spoke about genocide, finally bringing about the 1948 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948 (ch. 4), in the same year that Israel became a nation. Unfortunately, Lemkin's last years suffered much opposition from policymakers who did not want to continue efforts against genocide. However, Senator William Proxmire and President Ronald Reagan provided additional impetus some time later for the successful ratification of Lemkin’s Genocide Convention (ch. 5). Lemkin had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded other honors, and accomplished much. Thus, he likely believed that justice would finally win out over genocide in the second half of the 20th century, spurred on by the foundation of his accumulated actions and their results. References Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell†: America and the Age of Genocide. Chapters 1-5 (17-78).

Mr Rana

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FORM SEPTEMBER 2013 ENTRY This is not an application for admission. To obtain admission application information, please visit http://futurestudents. yorku. ca. Current York students applying for Delayed Entry (Year 2) should complete a BBA Delayed Entry Application form and attach it to this Supplementary Information Form. Information packages for Delayed Entry are available at W262P, Seymour Schulich Building. All candidates must submit a completed Supplementary Information Form to the Schulich School of Business by the applicable deadline date indicated on this form. York Reference Number: Program Choice: 13127592 (9 digit code sent by York Admissions) ? Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) ? International Bachelor of Business Administration (iBBA) Which category are you applying for? (Check only ONE): ? 1st-year Entry applicants. Submit this Supplementary Form by February 6, 2013. ? 2nd year (Delayed Entry) applicants. Submit this Supplementary Form by March 14, 2013. Personal Details Rana Zeeshan 01 09 95 Surname First Name Date of Birth (dd/mm/yy) Address / / ? Male ? Female 388 E2- Wapda Town Punjab 54810 Country Province/State Pakistan Postal Code/Zip Code Current or most recent Educational InstitutionLahore Grammar School City and Province/State of Institution Lahore, Punjab Protection of Privacy: Personal information in connection with this form is collected under the authority of The York University Act, 1965. The information will be used to process your application and upon registration and enrolment, will form part of your student record at the Schulich School of Business. If you have any questions about the collection of this information by York University, please contact: Manager Information Service, 99 Ian MacDonald Blvd. , York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario – Canada, M3J 1P3, 416. 36. 5000 York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. Rana Schulich Supplementary Information Form for Septemb er 2013 ______________________________________________________________________ INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THIS FORM The purpose of the Supplementary Information Form is to help us determine the candidate’s leadership potential, communication skills and well-rounded approach to education. †¢ Leadership Profile and answers to essay questions must be typed in the space provided. Include your York reference number and initials at the top of each page.Do not send originals of certificates, ribbons, projects, etc. The Schulich School of Business cannot return any submitted materials. Do not send photographs, videos or audiotapes. Waiver Please read carefully, sign and date. WAIVER – A clear sense of academic honesty and responsibility is fundamental to good scholarship. Conduct that violates the ethical or legal standards of the University community will result in automatic disqualification. I hereby certify that the information provided in this applica tion and in any material filed with this application is, to the best of my knowledge, true and correct.The Leadership Profile and Essay responses are completed by me. I understand that the misrepresentation of this information is grounds for the Schulich School of Business to cancel my admission to, or registration at the University. I have read all the text carefully and am making this my one and final submission. Signature Date Submission of your Supplementary Information Form Incomplete forms will not be processed. Please review the â€Å"Checklist for Submission† below. Once completed, print all pages of the Supplementary Information Form and submit it to the address below by the applicable deadline date indicated on page one.It is recommended that your Supplementary Information Form be submitted prior to the deadline date. Limited space is available in our programs. Please send your completed supplementary information form (in person or by mail) to: Undergraduate Program s Unit Division of Student Services and International Relations Schulich School of Business, Room W262 York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3 CANADA CHECKLIST for Submission ? Personal Information ? Leadership Profile ? Three Essay Questions ? Signed Waiver ? I have a copy (for my own record) of my completed Supplementary Information Form ?Explanation for why you have repeated a course(s) (if applicable) 2 York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. Rana Submission of your Academic Documentation All other information, including academic transcripts, language proficiency test scores, address changes, etc. , must be sent to the York University Admissions and not to the Schulich School of Business. The Schulich School of Business cannot be held responsible for forwarding your documents to York Admissions. Please mail any academic documentation directly to: York University Office of Admissions Bennett Centre for Student Services 99 Ian MacDonald Blvd Toronto, ON M3 J 1P3 CANADAConfirmation of Receipt Confirmation of receipt of your Supplementary Information Form can be checked on â€Å"MyFile† at http://www. yorku. ca/myfile. Due to high volume, it may take approximately 14 business days from receipt (by the Schulich School of Business) of a Supplementary Information Form, for â€Å"MyFile† to be updated. We appreciate your understanding that we are dealing with a sustained high volume of applications from December through February, and may not be able to provide receipt confirmation via telephone or e-mail. For tracking purposes, applicants may send their Supplementary Information Form via courier rather than general mail.Leadership Profile Instructions & Example Complete Leadership Profile using the space provided below on Page 4 and Page 5 (please type). List any extracurricular activities and/or community involvement that you participated in during the last two calendar years. (i. e. 2011 and 2012). Examples include student c lubs, events, organizations, band, sports, competitions, conferences, volunteer work, community service, paid employment, etc. Include activities where you made an impact. Include contact details for a referee, as we will contact them as deem necessary.Referees will be able to confirm the information that you have indicated on the form and holds a position that oversees or is responsible for the activity. EXAMPLE: Activity (include your role/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone) Mr. John Doe Teacher [email  protected] com 123-456-7890 Description of activity (125 word limit) Chosen by my school to be a delegate at the Canadian High Schools Model United Nations. At the conference, I debated global issues. I represented Sweden and learned about the challenges in the European economy. I met and worked with students from across Canada and it helped me improve my communication skills.Participant, Model United Nations 3 York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. R ana Leadership Profile Activity (include your role/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone) Description of responsibilities (125 word limit) NASA Space School : July 2011 Muhammad Ali Lecturer (Chemistry) +92 321 8859967 ali. mughal. [email  protected] ail. com I attended the NASA Space School in Houston, Texas during my summer holidays. I was elected by the school administration as the team leader of my school’s team. The program was based on engineering tasks focusing on NASA’s Mars exploration program.One of the most difficult tasks given to us was to build a rover. As team leader, I strategically spent our entire budget to buy all the available wheels but my strategy paid dividends as later on; we were able to sell them to other teams at a profit. This allowed us to buy more resources which led us to our victory. We were successful and were awarded medals of excellence. Activity (include your role/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email , phone) Description of responsibilities (125 word limit) Saved Life; Personal leadership Mrs Humera Saved person email: none +923227454321Hundreds of homes were destroyed in the floods that hit Pakistan in 2011. I still can't forget the traumatizing sights of my village where i saw a distressed woman with her new born child crying in her arms with two little children by her side. She had nowhere to go since the roof of her hut had collapsed. I took her to the camp that was created to provide aid and facilities to the affected. This time was very significant for me as I learnt how unpredictable life is. So many people wouldn’t have predicted becoming homeless and helpless with the entire course of their lives changed.I discovered the pleasure of contributing back to the society and those in need which made me realize the significance of volunteer work Activity (include your role/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone) Description of responsibilities (125 wor d limit) Fund Raising; Head of Department of Social Events. & Editor-In-Chief of Eye on Lahore Zair Zahir Manger at Next Generation Pakistan [email  protected] com +923234950392 When Punjab suffered from flooding, I organised a convincing campaign under Next Generation Pakistan to facilitate the flood victims.I was heading the department of Social Events which was responsible for arranging various events in the form of fundraisers. This was a great responsibility. I allowed creativity within my team where everyone had the autonomy to brainstorm and reach their maximum potential. It was a success for we collected Rs. 6. 2 million. Soon Eye on lahore, the first ever Pakistani internet youth portal, was launched. Being its Editor-In-Chief, this successful entrepreneurial venture promptedme even more to pursue IBBA and examine the standard framework of how people capitalise on investments. 4York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. Rana Leadership Profile Activity (include your ro le/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone) Description of responsibilities (125 word limit) Youth Advocacy Network (YAN): Volunteer from January 2010 to 2012 Sadia Sarfraz Head of Volunteer Deapartment [email  protected] com +923134904445 In my role as a volunteer for the Youth Advocacy Network (YAN), I was responsible for educating the youth of Lahore about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and organize an awareness campaign regarding the issue of drug addiction drug.Our awareness campaign over this issue has been our most successful work. We had made a documentary portraying the after effects of using drugs. My job was to carry out the necessary interviews in the documentary. To take our campaign to the next level, I decided to do something about the growing trend of underage smoking in our community. After discussing it with other club members, I lodged a police complaint against a local shop owner who sold cigarettes to underage smokers. Activity (include your role/position) Referee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone)Description of responsibilities (125 word limit) Lahore Grammar School Mathematics Society President. August 2012 to 2013 Mr Amjad Iqbal Maths Department Head at Lahore Grammar School [email  protected] mail. com +923334200945 This year I was nominated as the Math's Society President of my school. As the President of the Math's society I also had the privilege of organising a large-scale inter school mathemaics contest called â€Å"Parakration†, I was responsible for collecting sponsors, organizing the statistical data of over 700 participants and managing finances. The mammoth budget of Rs 1. 0 million required ample planning with resource allocation. This experience taught me how to handle money effectively and made me realize the importance of time management. Also, I was amongst the top pool of International Mathematics Kangroo Competition, ranking 29th nationwide. Activity (include your role/position) R eferee Contact Info (name, role, email, phone) Description of responsibilities (125 word limit) Play by LGS JT, Marketting Manager Tayyab Shafiq I was a part of a crew for a play. I was working back stage and I realized the importance of letting go of personal interests and give way to theProduction Manager greater solidarity of the group to achieve the set goals. I was responsible for marketing and publicity and it required enough effort to [email  protected] c maintain effective communication between all the group members for om the smooth execution of tasks. Effective communication was pivotal to crisis management and conflict resolving. I contributed in designing +923338440248 publicity tools and advertisements along with reaching out to various schools in Lahore to attend the play. 5 York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. Rana Essay Questions 250 word limit for each response) A) Tell us why you want to study at the Schulich School of Business. As it is my firm belief t hat businesses can truly flourish if their internal structuring is sound, my hope is to provide in-house, economic and efficient solutions to Pakistani businesses to streamline their day-to-day operations. Therefore, I need a very rigorous specialized, academic and professional undergraduate degree in business studies for the realization of my ambitions. Schulich School of Buisness provides just that perfect blend for honing my personality.It provides an excellent academic curriculum and also plays an extremely pivotal role in nurturing professional skills. The dense network of Schulich graduates in the business world will give me direct access to the top businessmen, entrepreneurs, venture capitalists and economists. Furthermore, the school's exchange program is another reason why i wish to study here. In this extensively interconnected world that we live in, an exchange term would open for me a global range of career opportunities where I will be able to experience the diverse cul ture and business environment of different societies.Moreover, the city of Toronto, as a radiant international social hub also appeals greatly to the passionate learner in me. I truly believe that polishing my skills from a university known for its mastery in buisness would propel me to enormous heights in my career and I am certain that if given the chance, I would give my very best to the program and prove myself a valuable asset to this prestigious institution. B) In an interview by a prestigious journalist, you’ve been asked to share your deepest thoughts on what motivates and shapes your leadership style and deep desire to succeed.How would you respond? I have come to believe that life is leadership. To see it any other way would be a fallacy. Think about it. We live, so we lead our lives. And if we are not doing this, we are drifting into oblivion. To lead ourselves and consequently others, we must also follow – these are two sides of the same coin. We can follow our own ego or what others say, blindly; or we can choose to act wisely by deeply reflecting on what we observe, hear and experience. We need to relate these findings with the immutable laws of nature that govern life, before drawing any firm conclusions.We grow in understanding and vision only when we become acutely conscious and aware of self, of others and of our environment. This ever-expanding awareness is the crucible where the sense of personal leadership begins to take root. You and I represent the zenith of a very long journey of humanity. In this context, I would define success as us being a vital part of this dramatically choreographed continuum in which we learn and share freely, with passion and with responsibility, all along, desiring the best for ourselves and for others, in terms of the abundance life offers.What has shaped my thinking on leadership is the thought that as we grow in awareness and see more clearly, our responsibility increases – responsibility to not only benefit from our rich global heritage, but also to inspire others through our everyday decisions and actions. If continuous learning, living and sharing is not the essence of leadership, I wonder what is! 6 York Reference Number: 213127592 Initials: Z. Rana Please answer either question (C) or (D) C) Select two leaders – one you admire greatly and one you do not. Briefly outline why you see them as leaders, and why you admire one and not the other.D) Recently, the role of corporations in society has evolved to take a more extended view of corporate citizenship, acknowledging and actively engaging in political roles. What do you think should be the role of multinational corporations in rehabilitating the areas stricken by Hurricane Sandy? Please critically discuss the process and social impacts of these multinational enterprises working as non-government organizations. Indicate essay choice: ?C or ?D Well I would go with more unconventional leader. One that I admi re would be my friend who is the president of a local chapter of an international society called AIESEC.I admire his leadership style because he leads by example. Setting standards for his subordinates and yet being humble at the same time. He provides a role model for his team members and guides them to get the specific goals and tasks that he assigns them. The channel of communication is smooth as he takes time out for every member and makes sure that he knows what’s going on in their personal lives hence establishing a very informal and personal connection. I have rarely focused my attention on those whom I do not admire. I believe that such an endeavor serves no purpose.We can and should keep our eyes open to learning from all those we come across. When we witness evil deeds, we realize the value of good. All human beings have potential for good and evil. Our job as leaders is not to harbor prejudice against any individual or group. Instead, we need to behave in ways that increases the likelihood in others of the good within them to surface and flourish. In my view, the root of all evil is our ignorance. Only the light of knowledge can illuminate our minds and hearts to the right path – a path that inspires all that is good in us.However the leader that I won't like to follow would be my football team captain. He has a more commanding leadership style where he doesn’t like criticism & works as a one man-army which affects the team equillibrium. Please provide an explanation for any repeated course(s) Thank you for your interest in the Schulich School of Business! Please check your MyFile account at http://www. yorku. ca/myfile for the status of your application. Schulich does not offer early admission. The first round of offers will be sent in March. GOOD LUCK! 7

Aztec Success Essay Research Paper Aztec SuccessThe

Aztec Success Essay, Research Paper Aztec Success The Triple Alliance was a bond formed in 1482 between the metropoliss of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tacuba. We know the imperium they created as the Aztec Empire. Their reign included the conquest of many adjacent communities. The huge sum of land and people they reigned over caused many jobs because of the tremendous distances and fundamental agencies of communicating. This led to a particular sort of regulation where the distant metropoliss received discriminatory intervention to vouch their trueness. The testimonial system the Ternary Alliance set up was the anchor of their Empire, and it financed the of import spiritual festivals and the luxuries of the opinion category. The testimonial was collected from conquered lands and consisted of everything Mexico could bring forth and devour. The system was rather flexible and adaptable to the jobs of conveyance and the deficiency of an alphabetical authorship system which made rapid communicating troublesome. The ever-expanding conquerings created # 8220 ; a bureaucratic and economic machine of tremendous complexness that fed on a diet of testimonial, trade, and a changeless supply of sacrificial victims from near and distant lands # 8221 ; ( Fagan, 95 ) . The success of the Triple Alliance, in such a short period, came from the alone authorities it created, which incorporated a testimonial system capable of uniting the spiritual, political, and societal values of the clip. The development of the Aztec Empire occurred in an surprisingly short period. The Mexica were the last group to migrate to the vale of Mexico toward the beginning of the 13th century ( van Zantwijk, 40 ) . Their late migration left them moo on the societal graduated table coercing the Mexica to roll for many old ages seeking to happen a lasting colony ( Duran, 13 ) . They lived off the western shore of Lake Texcoco, at Chapultepec for a short clip, but this land belonged to the Tepanec people. In 1299 the Tepanec forced the Mexica to take safety to the South of the lake, on the outskirts of Culhuacan ( Leon-Portilla, 88 ) . The Tepanec sent them there trusting the toxicant serpents of the country would kill them. Alternatively, the Mexica ate the serpents. The Tepanec once more chased the Mexica out in 1323 and so the Mexica founded the site of Tenochtitlan, which was to go a great capital. Meanwhile, the Tepanec were constructing a great imperium in nearby Azcapotzalco. The Mexica s trived to go privileged members of the Tepanec imperium. Although Tepanec confined them to secondary functions, they managed to take advantage of this clip to develop themselves ( Gruzinski, 26 ) . In 1426, Tezozmoc the leader of the Tepanec imperium was succeeded by his boy Maxtla, who hated the Mexica. Soon war broke out between the two groups ( Duran, 61 ) . Texcoco, a adjacent metropolis, besides was at odds with the Tepanec, and so the Mexica, the Tecocan and Tlacopan formed the Ternary Alliance against the Tepanec. The Ternary Alliance formed what is today known as the Aztec imperium. The power of these three metropoliss defeated the Tepanec and took control of their land after a besieging enduring 114 yearss. Tenochtitlan, the Mexica capital, controlled the armed forces and tribute payments while Texcoco held authorization over juridical and cultural personal businesss. Tlacopan became a subordinate to Tenochtitlan and cover largely with external dealingss, like showing offic ial declarations of war for the imperium ( Van Zantwijk, 111 ) . After merely a little more than one hundred old ages in the Valley of Mexico, the Mexica became great leaders. In 1440 the emperor Moctezuma I came in to power. He was to be known as the male parent of the Aztec Empire ( Gruzinski, 31 ) . Moctezuma knew the importance of suppressing neighbouring lands to spread out the power of the Aztecs. The ageless conflicts that Moctezuma I began puting the basis for the success of the imperium. The conquest of neighbours # 8217 ; land was really of import to the endurance of both the Aztec Empire and the universe ( Davies, 42 ) . The testimonial payments gained by suppressing supported the authorities economically and provided the victims for the forfeits which the Aztecs # 8217 ; believed fueled the universe. The conquering of new lands was of import to Aztec faith and society because of the turning demand for worlds to give. The Aztecs believed that someday this universe or Sun would hold to stop. The lone manner to avoid the decease of the Sun was by giving it critical energy enclosed in the chalchiuhatl or # 8220 ; the cherished liquid # 8221 ; which keeps humanity alive, blood. This called for a uninterrupted supply of sacrificial victims, whose Black Marias and blood would be offered up to the Sun, giving the Sun the nutriment necessary to protract its life indefinitely ( Leon-Portilla, 101 ) . To do this possible, the Aztecs started a pattern known as the # 8220 ; flower wars, # 8221 ; periodic conflicts whose intent was to capture possible sacrificial victims. The Aztecs fought these pseudo wars with the people of Texcoco, Tlacopan, Tlaxcala, and Huexotzinco. Soldiers did their best non to kill oppositions but instead to take them alive for forfeit ( Duran, 348 ) . The Aztecs believed the continued being of the existence depended on them, if they did non feed the Sun the dark forces of the dark would destruct it. This gave the Aztecs a justification for all their conquerings. By repressing other people and cut downing them to feeders, they were recognizing a supreme mission ( Leon-Portilla, 102 ) . The Aztec province was therefore devoted to the impression of ageless war ( Davies, 51 ) . Due to the importance of war the Aztec Empire finally expanded to great lengths, stretching from the seashore of the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico and from Northern Mexico to Guat emala ( Fagan, 95 ) . The spiritual, political and societal demands of the community led to this enlargement. The Aztecs # 8217 ; conquerings were besides honoring because the testimonial system required the payment of goods in add-on to prisoners. The Aztecs required any conquered community to pay testimonial or revenue enhancements to the chief imperium in Tenochtitlan. The metropolis of Texcoco received an equal portion of this testimonial, but the control was in the custodies of Tenochtitlan ( Davies, 45 ) . The beginnings province that they distributed the testimonial in a 2:2:1 ratio. Tenochtitlan and Texcoco got two-fifths each and Tlacopan one fifth ( Coe, 171 ) . Tribute could dwell of many things, such as cherished rocks, plumes, chocolate tree, cotton, apparels, unrecorded animate beings, shells, corn, beans, fruit and much more. Gruzinski notes that # 8220 ; Several 10s of 1000s of dozenss of nutrient, more than 100,000 cotton garments, and an impressive 30,000 packages of plumes, and an impressive measure of cherished objects and rare animate beings constituted the testimonial paid in a twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( 44 ) . States that lacked groceries and apparels used people as testimonial, and their services were used for military or public work undertakings ( Fagan, 148 ) . Imperial governments supported local dynasties if they delivered their testimonial payments on clip ( Smith, 76 ) . The local dynasties included land granted to Lords and land controlled by calpullis, a group of households that controlled a territorial unit moving as a channel of goods and services to the province ( Fagan, 146 ) . The authorities imposed and linked societal position to the testimonial gross ( Brumfiel, 679 ) . At the underside were the common mans whose tribute payments supported all the Lords and calpulli ( Smith, 76 ) . Those who worked to supply testimonial received small benefit other so obscure promises of aid in times of dearth and war. Merely a few extremely privileged swayers and Lords enjoyed the full fruits of the trade and testimonial system ( Fagan, 125 ) . The construction of the testimonial system besides allowed the imperium to enroll big nu mbers of people in a short sum of clip. These recruits came from the calpulli and the people controlled by the Lords. This was a major factor in the success of the Aztec Empire. In most of the runs capable neighbours furnished big contingents to organize forces that a individual city state could non conceivably muster ( Davies, 42 ) . The Aztecs could penalize any community that did non pay testimonial about instantly because of the empire’s ability to mobilise military personnels from other feeders in a short clip. The Aztec Empire presided over a assortment of vassal provinces and tense political confederations which kept their ground forcess in the field every twelvemonth ( Fagan, 113 ) . The societal construction of the Aztec community complemented the authorities # 8217 ; s aims. Aztec life existed non for the person but for the group ; each member conformed to societal norms and contributed to the saving of the community and province through revenue enhancement, labour and, in war times, through military service ( Fagan, 138 ) . The authorities imposed the definition of an single # 8217 ; s societal position ( Brumfiel, 679 ) . Authority and testimonial flowed up and down a societal pyramid built on a solid base of close household ties, ancient line of descent connexions and communal ownership of land among the common mans ( Davies, 120 ) . The Aztec Lords consisted of two degrees: the secular bureaucratism of Judgess, functionaries and soldiers and the organisation of priests ( Fagan, 95 ) . Another of import factor that led to the success of the Aztec imperium was their alone construction of the authorities. The communities that they conquered merely felt the repression of the authorities through testimonial payments ( Davies, 41 ) . After suppressing lands the Aztecs left no fort behind, merely a revenue enhancement aggregator. Apart from the revenue enhancement aggregator the Aztecs respected local governments, establishments and traditions ( Gruzinski, 40 ) . The autochthonal swayers and Lords were left in topographic point, but were demoted to the position of center and lower rank functionaries ( Coe, 167 ) . The thought of transition was foreign to the peoples of Mexico. Sometimes the Mexica stressed the cult of their Sun God Huitizilopochtli, but they did non necessitate the conquered people to idolize him. The Aztecs maintained a comparatively peaceable relationship with the conquered by allowing them spiritual freedom. The Aztecs did non hold a regular ground fo rces to function as an busying force ( Gruzinski, 40 ) . Their lone communicating from the conquered towns came through the testimonial payments and merchandisers. The merchandisers sometimes acted as undercover agents for the Aztec authorities, and were compensated for any information refering rebellions in the conquered lands. The Aztecs were more interested in testimonial so appropriation ( Fagan, 130-131 ) . The construction of the authorities caused the different societal groups to experience of import so that there was small opportunity for rebellion. The dominant groups kept subservient groups under control by doing them responsible for some portion of the authorities. Each group had a defined topographic point and got satisfaction by overstating the importance of their function in the system ( van Zantwijk, 26 ) . The Aztecs divided the authorities operations among different cultural groups so that the province could work merely through their cooperation. The societal hierarchy relied on a web of societal and economic dependance that bound Lords and common mans to one another through duty of service ( Fagan, 179 ) . The supreme power ballad in Tenochtitlan and the emperor, nevertheless. The emperor # 8217 ; s place was based on familial sequence by election ( van Zantwijk, 25 ) . Rule depended non merely on force and panic but on personal qualities and model life styles. The maps of the hierarchies and their common relationships changed overtime harmonizing to the administrative, societal, economic and spiritual development of the society ( 74 ) . At first the people acquired rank through accomplishments but finally birth became the overruling factor ( Fagan, 137 ) . This progressively stratified society needed to keep the high degrees of testimonial to feed of all time more non-farmers ( 179 ) . The Aztec imperium faced two major jobs that blocked complete control: tremendous distances and fundamental signifiers of communicating. The imperium at its tallness consisted of Northern Mexico to Guatemala and from the seashore of the Pacific to the Gulf of Mexico. Not merely was this a huge sum of land, but it besides contained a assortment of clime and topography. To add to this problem, the Aztecs had no animals of load, so everything had to be carried on the human back. Messages could take hebdomads to make their finishs, doing communicating really hard. Besides, the Aztecs did non hold an alphabetized authorship system but relied on glyphs, ideographic representations ( Leon Portilla, 44 ) . These failings frequently led to revolts in conquered lands. However, these rebellions were few and easy put down. Since the Aztecs could bring forth a force from any of their tributary communities in a short clip, they could maintain their imperium in line ( Fagan, 148 ) . After such rebe llions the Rebels were crushed and so forced to pay even higher testimonials, non so much of measure, but value and trouble of supply ( 114 ) . The Aztec success at authorities can be attributed to their ability to command such a big district and population through testimonial and fright. The Ternary Alliance knew how to take attention of the populations of the Valley of Mexico. In exchange for warriors the Aztecs, granted the feeders portions of the war loot. Distant metropoliss received discriminatory intervention to vouch their trueness. The Aztecs entrusted others with guarding the frontiers, which exempted them from testimonial payments. The imperium # 8220 ; resembled an huge spider web, with the Ternary Alliance at its centre and a thousand webs linked through matrimony confederations, exchange of services, mutuality and extortion # 8221 ; ( Gruzinski, 42 ) . The whole construction was flexible and adaptable to the imperium # 8217 ; s altering demands. The Aztecs could non trust on efficient agencies of conveyance or an alphabetical authorship system, but they found ways around these troubles. The Aztec Empire was nil like a extremely centralized and totalitarian power, and this is what made it so successful. We can outdo depict it as a # 8220 ; sophisticated tribute-gathering machine # 8221 ; ( Fagan, 113 ) . Every facet of the Aztec imperial authorities was focused on two ultimate terminals: the eating of t-he Sun with the blood of sacrificial victims and the care of the power and prestigiousness of the emperor and the Lords ( 113 ) . Both terminals rested on the complex testimonial system of the Aztec authorities. Lynn Opulski Bibliography Brumfiel, Elizabeth M. # 8220 ; Consumption and Politicss at Aztec Huexotla. # 8221 ; American Anthropologist Sept. 1987 v89 n3: 676-679. Coe, Michael D. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. New York: Thames and Hudson Inc. , 1994. Davies, Nigel. The Aztec imperium: the Toltec revival. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. Duran, Diego. Aztecs: the history of the Indies of New Spain. New York: Orion Press, 1964. Fagan, Brian M. The Aztecs. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. , 1984. Gruzinski, Serge. The Aztecs ; Rise and Fall of an Empire. New York ; Discoveries harry N. Abrams, Inc, Publishers, 1992. Leon- Portilla, Miguel. The Aztec image of ego and society: an debut to Nahua civilization. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1992. Smith, Michal E. # 8220 ; Life in the States of the Aztec Empire. # 8221 ; Scientific American Sept. 1997 v277 n3: 76-78. Van Zantwijk, Rudolf. The Aztec Arrangement.

Insurance and Cancer Survival Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insurance and Cancer Survival - Essay Example When they issue the first policy, the first premiums are usually high since that is the period that the insurance company has the greatest risk. Most cancers have lower risks of coming back when more time goes. The cancer patient often has to talk over the case with their insurance company, which can explain how it will personally affect the cancer patient. When the cancer patient already had a life insurance policy before they were diagnosed with cancer, the insurance company ought to tribute it as normal if the patient were honest about the medical history when they took the policy. The cancer patient might find it quite challenging to increase the value of his policy for some time (Fesen, 2009).  It will be easier for the patient to do this than begin a new insurance policy after the cancer diagnosis. If the cancer patient may wish to increase his cover, he could ask his adviser o how to use the option of â€Å"special event†. Some insurers provide this, but not all of it. This means that the cancer patient can increase the cover without underwriting, considering some events that takes place in his life, for example, moving house, marriage or birth of a

Fast Food Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food Nation - Essay Example These guidelines were innocuous, and included such advice as making sure that the parking lots were well-lit and that there was improved visibility within their stores. The restaurant industry opposed these guidelines, and basically bought off congressmen with lobbying money (Schlosser, 2001, p. 86). Some people have the value and belief that America is exceptional, and, as such, should spread its culture around the world. According to Schlossen, this has been accomplished by the fast food industry. Schlosser uses the case study of Plauen, a city in what Schlosser refers to as â€Å"new Germany,† to illustrate the point. Schlosser portrays the McDonald’s in this city as a kind of bright spot in a city that is otherwise depressed, with high unemployment and men desperate for work. Schlosser ends the story of Plauen by describing a bar that opened in that city that has a country-western feel to it, and this, implies Schlosser, defines Plauen today. The dream that Plauen h as now comes not from the circumstances of Plauen itself, because the town is depressed, but, rather, by the shining example of McDonald’s, which fills the hearts of the Plauen people with hope of a better future, a future that is similar to the American Dream. And this is all because, implies Schlosser, Plauen has been supplied this American Dream through the presence of the first American fast food restaurant, McDonald’s (Schlosser, 2001, p. 252). Schlosser also uses the example of Dachau, which has a McDonald’s close to the notorious concentration camp. Just like in Plauen, the McDonald’s in Dachau was filled with people with Americanized clothes, eating Americanized burgers (Schlosser, 2001, p. 232). While this might seem to some to be insensitive to the history of Dachau, in that McDonald’s appears to be crassly commercialized and capitalizing on a tragedy by luring visitors to the ghastly Dachau site to its restaurant, it can be seen in anoth er way. And that is that McDonald’s is merely performing a service for the visitors of Dachau, in that the people who visit the site need to eat, so McDonald’s is simply making doing so convenient. Nevertheless, because the people in the Dachau McDonald’s are Americanized with their clothing and so forth, Schlosser sees this as another example of Americanization in Germany, made all the more insidious because the McDonald’s is capitalizing on a particularly horrible part of German history. There are also health concerns, and there are cultural values and beliefs that we should be free of pathogens, and that the government should do a good job of inspecting our food to make sure that we are not exposed. However, there is a resistance to any changes that should be made in this area, just as there is a resistance to change regarding OSHA regulations, as described above. It started with the expose by Upton Sinclair, called The Jungle, which is now required re ading for most schoolchildren. Schlosser says that the meatpacking industry was resistant to change in Upton Sinclair’s day and continues to be so – â€Å"The industry has repeatedly denied that problems exist, impugned the motives of its critics, fought vehemently against federal oversight, sought to avoid any responsibility for outbreaks of food poisoning, and worked hard to shift the costs of food safety efforts onto the

Organizational Change Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Change Theory - Research Paper Example In this paper, we will explore some key issues related to the theory of organizational change. Importance of Organizational Change Theory By understanding organizational change theory, managers can explore various external and internal forces of change. Two main external factors of change include competitive environment and technological development. Competitive environment is such a factor that forces an organization to ensure development of high quality products to increase customer base, as well as to improve customer satisfaction. Technological development, on the other hand, refers to the use of latest technology to remain competitive in the market. If we talk about the importance of organizational change theory with respect to internal forces of change, we can say that this theory helps managers understand changes in the working atmosphere, changes in employment rules and regulations, and required changes in employee retention strategies. As Rasing (2010) states, â€Å"the key to organizational change and development lies in the understanding of people's requirements and work towards it† (p. 1). ... 49). From employers’ perspective, the readiness to adapt to ongoing internal and external changes is the biggest thing that organizational change theory demands from employers. Moreover, managers also need to show willingness for organizational changes, as well as for developing strategies for implementing those changes. A higher level of organizational readiness for changes results in more effective implementation of required changes. The reason is that when the level of readiness is high, employers take quick actions to initiate the process of change, as well as display a highly cooperative behavior with all members of the organization. Organizational members need to be committed to towards implementing essential changes to organizational policies and functions in order to maximize the levels of productivity and efficiency. Employers also need to assess the key determinants of change implementation, which include situational factors, task demands, and availability of require d resources. These three determinants play a vital role in determining whether an organization is ready to implement required changes or not. Based on assessment, employers develop suitable strategies to put required changes into action. Demands of Organizational Change: From Employees’ Perspective If we talk about the requirements of organizational change from employees’ perspective, we can say that willingness to work according to modified policies and eagerness to get trained accordingly are the biggest requirements. Employees always play a critical role in bringing positive organizational changes. As Avey, Wernsing, and Luthans (2008) states, â€Å"one of the

Business studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business studies - Essay Example As an employer, Mark Quinn looks almost ideal as he does not blast the careless carpenter with expletives for ruining a certain angle in the drawer. In short, RAFT has a working advantage over its competitors. It assumes a humble attitude to business building and not only showcases it in its marketing and human resource management departments, but extends it to the accounting and finance department. RAFT has efficiently attained the balance between attending to challenges in its external environment and conjuring new ideas to create profit. It is important to understand the new business model and ideology to be able to frame the case completely. On undertaking a SWOT analysis of the case, we shall agree with what Mark Quinn has to say. The human resource management department has a couple of interesting strengths like skilled employee base and focused staff who do their work diligently and ensure that orders are churned out at sustainable speeds. The performance can be enhanced in terms of quality and speed through subsequent training. The accounting and finance department would do well with more ecommerce and franchisee centers, although it has been able to tide over the aftermath of Recession and enjoy steady annual profit. The marketing of the brand is sturdy, with a conviction in design and a negation of existing flaws. Its green marketing initiative supercedes its societal marketing initiative in a subtle way. There is also the evergreen scope of improving and creating new product designs using better ideas. But i s this enough? While everything looks so picture perfect, parts of the business that need strengthening are the design, skill, and sustainability aspects. The designs can definitely be much better since customers are likely to tire out of the rugged finish of recycled teak in repeating product cycles, when they find them in stores in the same design over and over again. Designing new models, therefore, is a challenge that

Systems Analysis & Design Methods Research Paper

Systems Analysis & Design Methods - Research Paper Example The paper tells that strategic processes of an organization are its key concern. Systems Analysts and Project Managers are the integral individuals that perform inevitable tasks in the systems development processes of an organization. A specialized systems analyst possesses the following skills: Analytical Skills: 1. Functional insight The analytical skills possessed by a system analyst give him the insight to understand the different functions being performed within an organization. Furthermore it assists the identification of opportunities and problems. This insight further helps in the analysis and solving of problems. 2. Systems thinking One of the most important skills that system analysts possess is systems thinking. Systems’ thinking is the ability to see the organization as a whole system. To see how the different departments and information systems in an organization are in fact one combined whole system overall. Technical Skills: A systems Analyst possesses key technical skills for the betterment of the company. Possessing acute and up-to-date technical skills a systems analyst helps in understanding the limitations and potential of the implementation of information and communications technology within the systems of an organization. Management And Interpersonal Skills: A Systems Analyst is equipped with the latest and the most globally oriented managerial skills. These skills help in the management of projects, handling of resources, risk management and change. The interpersonal skills possessed by a systems analyst are helpful in his interaction with the end users of the system, other analysts of the system and system programmers. Figure 1Role of a System Analyst. Rational Software Corporation (2002) As shown in the figure above, a System Analyst performs the core task of coordinating among users and other professionals that are part of the backend of the system and are usually not directly in contact with the end users. Their role as an intermediary and facilitator, when performed with its true meanings, gives the organization what it actually needs: better means of coordination among stakeholders and system professionals and the ability to manage each task looking at each one of them as integral units of one major system. A person at the managerial position within the organization has a similarly integral role to play in the development of the system just like the system analyst. While a systems Analyst possesses substantial managerial skills, it is essential that the department of project management be assigned to individuals who may concentrate on this task only. The way in which a project manager plays

Article Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Article Critique - Assignment Example The use of DDT, however, is heavily regulated under the World Health Organization’s Position Statement on DDT and the agreement named Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants. These documents allow the use of DDT only for Indoor Residual Spraying and that too until equally effective and affordable alternatives are developed. DDT has 6 to 12 months effectiveness when sprayed on walls and ceilings of homes. This is the longest residual life of any insecticide. Apart from that, DDT casts irritant effect on disease vectors creating strong spatial repellency and reducing human - vector contact significantly. This results in mosquitos feeding off at far off places outside the houses, thereby tremendously hampering the transmission of the disease in human population (WHO). Moreover, the cheapness of the chemical and ease of its use have made it a hit over the years. But, in opposition to all the above mentioned benefits of DDT, there have been bundles and bundles of stud ies carried out by critics, highlighting its human health and environmental harms. A human can get exposure to DDT through a number of ways; from eating foods that were sprayed by it, in-taking contaminated air or water, breast feeding by an exposed mother, or simply by breathing or swallowing soil particles from areas that were DDT sprayed. In response to its exposure, among the many harms that have been discovered, the most frequently reported ones are breast cancer, diabetes, brain damage, genital birth defects and reduced fertility. All these effects can be attributed to the high chemical stability of DDT in the four phases of disposition of its toxicity i.e., absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The chemical has the quality of accumulating in the environment through cells of exposed organisms and organic food chains, which is primarily the reason why its toxicity lingers on and shows after effects in sprayed areas till long after. From the look of things, the dra wbacks of DDT seem to considerably outweigh its benefits, but it is interesting to find out after profound research, that almost all the studies that report potential harms from the use of DDT are either weak or contradictory to each other. This can be proven both through scientific research and the numerical data from plagued areas. A recent paper compiled under co-authorship of a senior officer of Uganda’s Malaria control program found only average concentrations of plasma DDT/DDE (77ppb) in the spray team after a continuous six months of IRS with the chemical (Bismenya et al.). Similarly, new information on increased levels of accumulation in human milk and exposures to DDT was evaluated in 2010 by WHO expert consultation. The reported levels were concluded to be below level of concern of human health (WHO). A lot of the times, studies have been conducted on laboratory animals and the effects found on them have been generalized on human beings without proper confirmation. WHO then analyzed epidemiological data and found no support for these findings in humans in 2007. Adding further to the support of use of DDT are the actual cases and data from the strongly affected countries. In Sri Lanka, use of DDT had reduced malaria cases from 2.8 million in 1948 to 17 in 1963. After spraying was banned in the next decade, malaria

Ancient Persian Cuisines and Dinning Rituals Research Paper

Ancient Persian Cuisines and Dinning Rituals - Research Paper Example For example, the Mesopotamian, Central Asia and the Anatolian cuisines are some cuisines that have influenced the Persian cuisine such as ice cream and kebab (Batmanglij 2011, 34). Some of these Persian cuisines rice that is served along with meat, basmati rice served with stew, soup made from herbs and vegetables, pure white rice, pastries, salad, appetizers, desserts and drinks (Batmanglij 2011, 34). Notably, the Iranian people love rice although they have an extensive list of cuisines. Logically, the Persian community loves to take green herbs together with fruits. This includes fruits like quince, plums, prunes, raisins, pomegranates and apricots (Batmanglij 2011, 35). Typically, the Iranians love meat, rice, fish, chicken and lamb. Moreover, they work hard to ensure that they take a balanced diet but add some flavor (Ghanoonparvar 2006, 67). Consequently, cinnamon, saffron, parsley and lime are some of the spices used in making special dishes. In summary, the Persian cuisine and dinning ritual that is intriguing and exciting to adapt into the daily dishes. Evidently, rice is a common Persian dish. There are different modes devised in cooking to ensure that the meals had a different touch. Sometimes, the rice is served with marinated chicken or served as saffron ice-cake (Batmanglij 2011, 97). Historically, rice was imported from India into Iran. For instance, the basmati rice is an import from India while Pakistan rice is definitely from Pakistan but is similar to that of Persia. On the other hand, rice is seen as a staple food in northern Iran. However, the rest of the Iranians consider bread as their staple food. Interestingly, the aroma of the Persian rice caused it to be a prized cuisine. In summary, rice and bread are the main staple foods in Persia. Logically, every community has its ways of preparing its cuisines. Therefore, the Persians have their ways of preparing different rice cuisines. The common ones are Tah-deeg, damy and kateh, alongside oth ers (Ghanoonparvar 2006, 79). One is soaking of rice in salt water, followed by boiling. This is called chelo, which is returned for steaming after boiling. Consequently, the rice becomes fluffy, and the grains are not sticky. The other is Tah-deeg, which has a golden crust at the bottom of the pot (Ghanoonparvar 2006, 79). This rice is taken plainly but is eaten alongside bread of potato slices. On the other hand, there are additions of nuts, meat, fruits and vegetables. Interestingly, all these additions can be served together in one meal. Interestingly, the heat is lowered when the chelo is still in the pot then covered with a piece of cloth so that it absorbs the steam (Ghanoonparvar 2006, 81). This chelo is plain and is mainly served with kebab or stew. However, chelo and polo are more or less cooked in the same way. On the other hand, kateh is rice that is cooked until water is completely dry. This is the most traditional mode of cooking rice. Finally, the preparing of the dam y is more like kateh, one starts with other ingredients such as beans. Damy is stemming of the rice. In summary, there are different methods used in the preparation of rice, which makes a difference to each rice meal. The other major additions in the Persian cuisines are vegetables and fruits. Luckily, Iran is known for its wide production of vegetables and fruits. Consequently, most homes in Persia will have a fruit bowl on their tables. Moreover, most meals are accompanied with herbs and vegetables. Additionally, Persians have promoted eating fruits and vegetables because of the health benefits they have on them. As a result, some vegetables like garlic, pomegranate and onion are included in the cooking of

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay In Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn he bases the novel in a pre-civil war time period even though it’s being published in a post-civil war time period. This is strange because he is writing about the past which has already been lived, so what point is he trying to make? Through the characters tom and Huck twain illustrates the childish and outdated actions of society. The time period before the civil war was a low point in American history. The nation was divided over the issue of slavery and the treatment of blacks. This issue caused the civil war and was prevalent in the south even after the war. This is what Twain is trying to point out to society is his novel. They are still acting the same even though it is wrong and has been decided that change has needed to happen. He does this by basing the novel pre civil war time but it reflects society in that day and age because the audience relates to the novel. Twain reflects society’s view through the character Tom Sawyer. At the end of the novel the reader finds out that Jim, the escaped slave, is actually free and Tom knew this the entire time but neglected to tell anybody so he could have his storybook adventure (309). Tom reflects society in this way because Tom wasn’t treating a freed slave as such; he was treating him as a toy. Jim was Tom’s chance to have a storybook adventure that he is known for and uses him as a prop in the adventure and in the process subjecting him to the treatment of a slave when he is actually a free man (307). Tom is a childish character known for stretching the truth and acting out his storybooks but also cruel towards slaves like making Jim believe that he is a slave when he is actually free, and justifying this by saying that he would have paid Jim for his troubles once it was said and done (309). This childish tendency reflects society because society at the time was still treating blacks as slaves and making life hard on them but justifying it by saying they would pay them. Blacks still were not being treated equal just like Jim was not being treated like a free man when in fact he was. Twain retaliates against society with the character Huck. Huck is almost the voice of reason emerging from society in the novel. He questions how he should treat Jim and what is right and wrong in his treatment but also in society. He believes the right thing to do is to turn Jim in and move on but never does because it would be wrong to turn in his friend (261). This inner conflict shows the struggle to change social norms. Twain is trying to show that the treatment of slaves has been shown to be okay only because society has made it that way. Now that society throughout America is changing the view on slavery then they have to change what is right and what is wrong and this cause’s inner conflict. But in the end Huck is shown to be in the right because Jim was a free man the entire time and if he had turned him in he would be stealing from Jim. It would have been wrong on every count no argument there. The journey that Jim and Huck embark on symbolizes the journey for the abolishment of slavery. Jim fought against slavery and Huck, a white man, reluctantly went along with it and started to change his views on the issue. This leading to the official declaration of freedom when really the whole time Jim was a free human being and just wasn’t being treated as such, but is now officially recognized as â€Å"free†. What twain is trying to say is that even though blacks were under the title of slave and were treated as such they were free human beings then and now are officially given the title of â€Å"free† but yet are still being treated the same even when they are free. Twain wants to point this out to society so they can change according to the times because they are still living in a pre-civil war time period when things have changed and social norms have changed.

Examination Paper Essay Example for Free

Examination Paper Essay 1. Discuss potential cross-ethnic, cross-cultural, and cross-class factors that may affect interview validity. How would you handle such an interview? Validity, as applied to cross-ethnic, cross-cultural, and cross-class interview, is a judgment of how well the interview measures what it purports to measure in a particular context. More specifically, it is a judgment based on evidence about the appropriateness of inferences drawn from the interview. Interviews are a very powerful tool. Hence it should be handled correctly to allow full exploration of the subject at hand, including follow-up questions (which take practice and skill to develop). I should do the following: 1. I should â€Å"stick with the program† and address only the intended topic, but sometimes, however, an interview subject will bring up a relevant idea that the researcher had not considered or had discounted. So I should have the ability to pursue this line of reasoning with the subject while maintaining academic rigor is an important skill to have. 2. I will look for patterns of responses that repeat themselves over many different respondents. I should use the mirror questions use an earlier response as a way to generate a follow-up question. Let’s say my interviewee commented, â€Å"I like my job a lot most of the time, but sometimes it’s really a struggle.†So my mirror question back to the respondent would be, â€Å"You said that you like your job most of the time, but sometimes it’s really a struggle. What it is that sometimes happens that makes your job a struggle for you?† This technique accomplishes two very important goals: It lets the subject   know that you are actually paying attention, which will perhaps encourage further interaction with you, and it allows you to delve deeper into the subject’s feelings. Most people aren’t grammarians, but they do tend to use words carefully. 3. Also I should be alert for a difference in the articulateness of the subject. If one participant answers a question much more smoothly than other participants, it could mean that that person has been asked the question several times before, or it could mean that the person has given a lot of thought to the topic. It might help to ask a follow-up question to that effect. It’s recommended that you ask the â€Å"You’ve given this a lot of thought!† question, because it gives the participant credit and makes him or her feel empowered. These hypothetical questions give the opportunity to ask interviewees about how they would react to or feel about an event that could happen. It could be as simple as the following: After you discover that a worker has taken advantage of on-site child care, you ask other employees about possible consequences for them if that service were to no longer be provided free of charge or at all. 4. Finally, I will use summary questions to signal a transition to a new topic area or the end of the interview. They are usually very simple, such as â€Å"Do you feel there’s anything else we should discuss about (the topic) before we move on?† This lets interviewees know that you realize you’re not perfect, that they might know something you don’t, and that you welcome their bringing it to your attention. 2. Given what you read in Chapter 8 in our textbook, design a training program for law enforcement officers teaching interrogation techniques that reduce the errors associated with interviewing. Interrogations are considered to be one of the most important phases of the investigation process. Once a confession statement is obtained during an interrogation it is not easily retracted. In most cases criminal investigators are not trained to believe that false confessions occur and can be easily obtained from suspects but can be prevented given a training program on teaching interrogation techniques that reduce the errors associated with interviewing. Hence, I will design a novel training program with which a highly intense psychological interrogation techniques on the elicitation of true and false confession. First, the interview should begin with confronting the suspect`s guilt by telling the suspect that there is no doubt that he or she is involved in the crime. Next, the enforcement officers should developed â€Å"themes† that would justify the criminal act- a way to rationalize for the crime. An example is the interrogator should suggest to the suspect that the victim was responsible for the crime because of his or her behavior. The third step teaches the interrogator to try and interrupt all efforts at denial during the interview. The fourth step of the program advices that the officer should overcome the suspect`s factual, moral, and emotional objections to the charges. At the next step, the interrogator should ensure that the passive suspect does not withdraw. Once the officer detects any indication that the suspect is starting to withdraw, they should immediately act upon it. During this stage on the interview, the investigator should show sympathy and understanding toward the suspect and advises him/her to tell the truth. Next, it is to recommend that the interrogator offer the suspect an alternative explanation for the criminal act. Research question could be â€Å"Did you blow the money on booze, drugs, and women and party with it, or did you need it to help out your family? In step 8 of the program, I suggest that the officer should attempt to get the suspect to describe the details of the crime. If the oral confession from step 8 is successfully obtained during the interrogation, then the step 9 serves to convert the statement just given into a full confession statement. 3. Discuss the 3-level hierarchical model of the modern Binet and compare it to Spearman’s concept of general mental ability. The 3-level hierarchical model of the modern Binet represents a basic theoretical and empirical model of cognitive abilities pursued the dual goal of retaining as many item types as possible from the earlier editions while incorporating current ability constructs. The modern Binet determined the four areas of cognitive ability: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short-term memory. The modern Binet also provide a global index of functioning that would represent what is commonly known as ‘g’ or general reasoning ability. These separate areas are the united in a 3-level hierarchical model of intelligence which provided their theoretical model of human intelligence. While Binet assumes that a unitary or pervasive factor (i.e., judgment or adaptation) was the common denominator of human intelligence, Spearman viewed it as a hypothesis yet to be tested. He found that the arrangement of general human abilities could be expressed by a definite mathematical equation (i.e., tetrad) and comparing it to Binet, he has the famous two-factor theory of intelligence. The â€Å"general factor† and denoted by the letter g. The second is known as the â€Å"specific factor† and is denoted by the letter s. Spearman`s main conclusion relating to the presence of g have proved to be sound and its presence in the theoretical model hypothesized for the modern Binet can be tentatively accepted. Further, Spearman recognized that problem solving speed and intelligence were correlated. He did, however, disagree with Binet and Simon`s theoretical position that their tests worked because they measured individually patterned intelligences. For Spearman, a general factor along with specific factors of different magnitudes explained intelligent behavior. 4. Choose one of the WAIS-III subtests and describe possible non-intellective factors that may influence an individual’s performance. The WAIS-III consists of 14 subtests. The WAIS elicits three intelligence   quotient scores, based on an average of 100, as well as subtest and index scores. WAIS subtests measure specific verbal abilities and specific performance abilities. The WAIS elicits an overall intelligence quotient, called the full-scale IQ, as well as a verbal IQ and a performance IQ. The three IQ scores are standardized in such a way that the scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Wechsler pioneered the use of deviation IQ scores, allowing test takers to be compared to others of different as well as the same age. WAIS scores are sometimes converted into percentile ranks. The verbal and performance IQ scores are based on scores on the 14 subtests. The 14 subtest scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of three. The WAIS also elicits four indices, each based on a different set of subtests: verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. Tasks on the WAIS include questions of general knowledge, traditional   arithmetic problems, a test of vocabulary, completion of pictures with missing elements, arrangements of blocks and pictures, and assembly of objects. picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, digit symbol, matrix reasoning, and symbol search. Matrix reasoning and symbol search are new subtests and were added to the most recent edition of the WAIS (WAIS-III). I would like to discuss the picture completion subtest. Here, the test taker is required to complete pictures with missing elements. The picture arrangement subtest entails arranging pictures in order to tell a story. The block design subtest requires test takers to use blocks to make specific designs. The object assembly subtest requires people to assemble pieces in such a way that a whole object is built. In the digit symbol subtest, digits and symbols are presented as pairs and test takers then must pair additional digits and symbols. 6. Discuss the implications of testing infants. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such procedures? In infancy (the period from birth through 18 months), testing consists primarily of measurement of sensorimotor development. This includes, for example, the measurement of nonverbal, motor responses such as turning over, lifting the head, sitting up, following a moving object with the eyes, imitating gestures, and reaching for a group of objects. Hence, the examiner who attempts to assess the intellectual and related abilities of infants must be skillful in establishing and maintaining rapport with examinees who do not yet know the meaning of words like cooperation and patience. Typically, measures of infant intelligence rely to a great degree on information obtained from a structured interview with the examinee’s parents, guardians, or other caretakers. Infant testing, combined with other information (such as birth history, emotional and social history, health history, data on the quality of the physical and emotional environment, and measures of adaptive behavior) have proved useful to health professionals when suspicions about developmental disability and related deficits have been raised. The tests have also proved useful in helping to define the abilities, as well as the extent of disability, in older, psychotic children. Furthermore, the tests have been in use for a number of years by many adoption agencies that will disclose and interpret such information to prospective adoptive parents. Infant tests also have wide application in the area of research and can play a part in selecting infants for specialized early educational experiences or in measuring the outcome of educational, therapeutic, or prenatal care interventions. What is the meaning of a score on an infant intelligence test? Whereas some of the developers of infant tests (such as Cattell, 1940; Gesell et al., 1940) claimed that such tests can predict future intellectual ability because they measure the developmental precursors to such ability, others have insisted that performance on such tests at best reflects the infant’s physical and neuropsychological intactness. The research literature supports a middle ground between these extreme positions. In general, the tests have not been found to predict performance on child or adult intelligence tests—tests that tap vastly different types of abilities and thought processes. The predictive ability of infant intelligence tests does tend to increase with the extremes of the infant’s performance. The test interpreter can say with authority more about the future performance of an infant whose performance was either profoundly below age expectancy or significantly precocious. References Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications and Issues (7th ed.) by Robert M. Kaplan and Dennis P. Saccuzzo. Published by Thomson Wadsworth.

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Structure and Function

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): Structure and Function There are many complex mechanisms employed by the immune system to destroy invading organisms, abnormal cells and contain infections in order to maintain health and life. Antigen presenting cells (APC) are some of the cells that form part of these mechanisms. This essay will look at what APCs are, the different types with examples and their specific roles in the immune response. APCs are cells that take up antigens and present them to lymphocytes during an immune response (Sherwood et al, 2009). The components of APCs that actually do the presenting are Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHCs): Class I and Class II MHC molecules (Sompayrac, 2003). These two complexes provide two different pathways of antigen presentation that stimulates different population of T cells to eliminate the invading pathogen concerned. All nucleated cells of the body express MHC class I molecules and are therefore referred to as non-professional APCs (Kropshofer et al, 2005). MHC class I molecules are like billboards that display on the surface of the cell, peptides of processed endogenous proteins (Sompayrac, 2003).The endogenous proteins could be those encoded by viruses or parasites that have infected the cell. The main focus of MHC class I APCs is on events within the cell. Typically in a viral infection, the virus enters the cell and uses the cells own biosynthetic machinery to produce proteins encoded by viral genes (Wagner et al, 2004). Viral proteins are broken down into peptides by enzymes within the cell (proteasomes) (DeFranco et al, 2007). Following this, the peptides are carried into the endoplasmic reticulum by a TAP transporter (Sompayrac, 2003). After which MHC class I molecules within the cell are loaded with these peptides along with a sample of other normal proteins being made by the cell. This M HC-peptide complex is then transported to the cell surface for presentation. The protein fragments are displayed on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells (Tc) (Schindler, 1991). Having this mechanism in place allows all body cells to be monitored by CD8+ve Tc cells which inspect the cells. Tc cells detect foreign peptides bound to an MHC so if a cell has been invaded by a virus or parasite, the Tc cells are alerted and respond by destroying the abnormal cell thus preventing the spread of viruses throughout the body (DeFranco et al, 2007). MHC class II molecules are designed to present peptides to helper T cells (Th). Unlike the MHC class I molecules, MHC class II molecules are restricted to certain cell types termed professional APCs. Their focus is on events unfolding in the outside environment so can present samples of antigens derived from exogenous antigens in various parts of the body. Professional APCs display class I and class II MHCs as well as co-stimulatory signals (Sompayrac, 2003). In order to function, T cells, both Tc and Th cells, require activation. For this to happen, T cells need to recognise its cognate antibody in an MHC complex and they also need a co-stimulatory signal which can only be provided by professional APCs (Wellness.com, 2010). Co-stimulation is provided by a protein (B7) on APCs which interlocks with another protein (CD28) on the surface of T cells. Examples of professional APCs are activated macrophages, activated dendritic cells (DC) and activated B cells. DCs are the most important of the APCs as it capable of initiating an immune response by activating naà ¯ve T cells (Sompayrac, 2003). These cells are strategically located in areas of the body such as the skin, mucosal lining of lung and digestive tract where microbes are likely to enter (Sherwood et al, 2009). In normal tissues DCs are immature, expressing few B7 protein and MHC molecules on their surfaces so are poor antigen presenters. However, when a microbe(s) invade the tissue which DCs reside, they mature. DC are specialised as they have pattern recognition receptors on their surface which recognises common features of invading microbes such as LPS on the surface of gram negative bacteria. DCs takes up pathogens through receptor mediated endocytosis and degrade it in a lysosome (DeFranco et al, 2007). During a invasion, cytokines (TNF ÃŽ ±) released by activated mac rophages are recognised by the DC which informs it that innate immune system is under attack. Cytokines bind to receptors on the DC causing it to cease phagocytosis, leave the tissues (site of infection) and migrate through the lymphatic system. Whilst travelling, the DC equips the class II MHC reserves with the antigen and also produces B7 co-stimulatory protein. During this time also, DC upregulates the expression of class I MHC molecules as a precautionary measure that if the DC was infected by a virus or parasite at the site of infection, the antigen could be processed into protein fragments for presentation if necessary (Male, 2004). By the time the DC reaches the lymph node, it has its co-stimulatory molecules and the MHC class II- peptide complex(es) primed and ready to activate naà ¯ve T cells. Lymph nodes have compartments that have bountiful supplies of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991). Whilst at the lymph node, DCs trigger the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to CD4+ve Th cells with matching receptors (Sherwood, 2009). After which, the APC secrete interleukin, a chemical which activate Th cells. Activated Th cells then secretes cytokines which stimulates the Th into rapid proliferation and differentiation into effector Th cells and memory Th cells (DeFranco et al, 2007). Memory Th cells are useful in future infections by the same pathogen whilst effector Th cells activate B cells to secrete antibodies enhancing other immune activities (Sherwood, 2009). Additionally effector Th cells and antibody molecules depart from the lymph node and enter the circulation which they then leave at the infection site. Antibodies opsonise the bacteria enhancing their uptakes by phagocytes, stimulate Natural killer cells (NK) to directly lyse the bacteria and also activate th e lethal compliment system (Sherwood, 2009). CD4 +ve T-cell on the other hand activate macrophages to become more cytotoxic. It is important that the magnitude of the immune response be in proportion to the seriousness of the attack (Sompayrac, 2003). As previously mentioned DCs migrate to lymph nodes only when activated by battle cytokines. In a serious infection, many cytokines are released and thus more DCs are activated. Before their migration to lymph nodes, activated DCs release chemokines, a chemical which triggers precursor cells (monocytes) to leave the blood stream and become their replacement as DCs in (Sompayrac, 2003). These new DCs are then able to be activated and make their way to the lymph node which amplifies the response to the invasion. The new recruits of DCs are like photojournalists, the antigenic peptide which they carry to the lymph node being a snapshot of the infection site (Sompayrac, 2003). This is useful so if there are changes in the area, the appropriate T cell can be activated and thus elicit the immune response most suitable. If the infection is mild, there will be fewer c ytokines produced, less DCs activated, fewer chemokines released, fewer replacements of DCs therefore the number of DCs that make their way to the lymph node will also be significantly less. Consequently the number of B and T cells that becomes activated in the lymph nodes relies greatly on the number of DCs present. As detailed above DCs play a role in the activation of macrophages. Macrophages are one of the early defences against invaders that initiate the cell mediated immune response (Schindler, 1991). Macrophages are very weak at presenting antigens as they only possess enough MHC molecules and co-stimulatory proteins when activated by battle cytokines e.g. IFN ÃŽ ³ (DeFranco et al, 2007). Macrophages function in the re-stimulation of experienced T cells so they continue to partake in the fight against the pathogen (Male, 2004). They engulf pathogens that have invaded the tissues, process it using internal enzymes and present the peptides on MHC class II molecules. This continual display of antigens is recognised by Th cells which continue to complete their function. Next the activated macrophage releases cytokines are previously mention that act on the DC i.e. TNF ÃŽ ±. Other cytokines released includes IL-1 and IL-8. IL-1 aids in the activation of B and T cells (Schindler, 1991). B cells are the third professional APC. At the start of an infection B cells are naà ¯ve so do not play a definitive role. However throughout the course of the infection B cells become activated. Some B-cells are specific to T-independent antigen so only require binding of its receptor (BCR) to a cognate antigen for activation (Sherwood 2009). Other B-cells are specific to T-dependent antigen so after processing the antigen and displaying it on MHC class II molecules, binding of a Th cell is required for their activation. The MHC class II complex interacts with the TCR on the CD4+ Th cell which recognise the specific antigen on the B cell. Next the helpers release a chemical known as interleukin triggering the activation of the B cell. Activated B cells go through rapid proliferation and differentiation into memory cells and antibody producing plasma cells (Sherwood, 2009). B cells have the advantage of presenting the antigen very quickly so makes the immune response more efficient. The development of two different pathways of antigen presentation i.e. via MHC class I and II molecules can be rationalised in that each ultimately helps to elicit the most appropriate immune response through stimulation of the T cell the population most effective in eliminating the pathogen in question. MHC class I APCs allows for the monitoring of all body cells through Tc cells whilst MHC class II APCs seek the help of Th cells and B cells which directs the immune response in a way that corresponds to the seriousness an infection. Through these functions, APCs ultimately helps to maintain health and life. Should Teens Be Allowed Internet Access? Should Teens Be Allowed Internet Access? The internet is a large market with practically everything available in it. It is a massive network of computers worldwide connected by cables and satellites. Most of the time, it is just referred to as The Net or the World Wide Web (www). The internet today is used for multiple tasks such as receiving email, communicating with people from all around the world, receive text, images, video and sound. It is a very helpful tool for getting any information needed. This is because it has people from all around the globe posting information onto the internet for the use of everybody who access the internet which is a public accessible feather for millions of people nationwide. (Young Media Australia 2008, What is the internet?) However, the internet nowadays is too widely used by tweens and is becoming an issue among our society. This is caused by different factors that may be dangerous to them. This study is to investigate whether it is advisable for tweens to be allowed internet access. We may wonder who exactly are tweens? To be exact, they are individuals who are no longer children anymore yet not a teenager. This means they would fall in the age group of between 11 13 years old. People are doubtful about giving them internet access because they may not be mature enough to differentiate what is good or bad and this may cause them to be susceptible to internet danger. Internet danger is generally caused by people who are not taught with moral ethics and try to inflict damage onto tweens. Advantages of the internet for tweens Offers a wide spectrum of information The internet is a virtual treasure chest full of valuable information. It has a huge amount of publications added everyday and is slowly evolving as one of the greatest source of information. Any form of information from A to Z can nowadays be so easily obtained just by a few clicks on the computer and tons of information show on the screen. Also, with the help of search engines on the internet, the work of hunting for information or data is minimized. Since the internet provides so much of information, it is a great source of reference for students who does research work or even just to look for information which cannot be obtained in school. Through the internet, forums can be accessed and through forums, people are able to trade information and share opinions with each other. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.) Communication with the world There are plenty of chat rooms that can be used on the internet such as Live Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, Skype and so on. These chat rooms allow worldwide communication to be possible. As long as computers are connected to the internet, anybody from any part of the world can communicate online. It is very convenient for family members who are apart to communicate with each other instantaneously without the need of using email or snail mail. (The Advantages Disadvantages Of The Internet n.d.) Saves times in completing tasks Before internet existed, there were many tasks that took a lot of time to complete. Now with the help of internet in the modern society, the time used to complete these tasks is reduced by an uncanny amount. One example would be students using the internet to communicate with teachers online. Students who are slacking in studies may have extra classes with teachers through communication programs. This greatly reduces students time needed to revise on their own and yet not fully comprehend the subject. Also, assignments done can be sent to teachers via the computer with the use of email. Educational games programs Games nowadays intrigue tweens and play a big role in their lives. Computer games are constantly being played by tweens from all around the world and the internet has a huge load of these games. Specifically, educational games are the games that have positive effect on tweens. These games can provide practice in problem solving and logic and also provide practice in use of fine motor and spatial skills. Furthermore, some of the educational games require two players or more so this allows parents to occasionally play together with the child and have some family bonding. These games being fun activities help to relieve stress and help keep the mind fresh. (Effects Of Video Game Playing On Children 2009) Risks disadvantages tweens might face However good the internet might appear to be and have many advantages upon tweens, the ugly side of internet should also be reviewed carefully to actually determine whether the internet is more harmful than helpful to tweens. Access to inappropriate content or information The internet being the treasure chest to all information, it also contains negative contents such as pornography and violence. Tweens who accidentally access to pornography may see images that would scar them for life and may potentially cause problems in their future life as these images may surface without warning. It is always internet pornography that is the first exposure to tweens of these sexual images and the images they see causes their brain to play mind tricks on them. This causes human intimacy to be planted into them as something twisted and perverted and this implantation is irreversible. Ultimately, this may lead to sexual deviancy and crime, which in turn affects their future relationships and marriages. (Children as Victims n.d.) Violence also can make a huge impact on tweens. Tweens who are exposed to violence would generally be more hot-tempered and are very likely to have antisocial behavior such as threatening aggression and assault. This is because they are brainwashed into the world of violence and cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. They may think that violence is the only way to settle problems and that being violent shows charisma and looks macho-like. (Children And Media Violence 2009) Chance to come across internet predators An internet predator is usually an adult who exploits vulnerable children or tweens for sexual or abusive purposes, or also known as paedophiles. These people try to do these out of the norm things to satisfy their personal fetish. They would try to use the internet as a way of getting in contact with tweens and try to coax them to meet up. At this point, these tweens who are not under adult supervision may not be mature enough to think that this is potential danger and would simply just agree to meeting with this anonymous person. This would allow tweens to be vulnerable to these internet predators to carry out their dirty activities. In some reported cases, these paedophiles have raped and killed innocent children. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Become victims of cyber bullying Cyber bullying is quite common nowadays in the virtual world. What exactly does cyber bullying mean? It basically is any form of harassment that occurs via the internet. Posting fake videos on web sites, leaving mean and evil emails towards somebody are forms of cyber bullying. Tweens who are cyber bullied would feel very depressed and overwhelmed as they do not know who these people are who cyber bully them. These helpless victims would usually suffer quietly and be mentally imbalanced because they usually dont tell an adult about this issue and just keep it to themselves. (What is Cyberbullying? n.d.) Be subjected to invasion of privacy, unsolicited advertising financial risks There are plenty of commercial websites on the internet that may invade privacy by requesting for personal information. Tweens may be encouraged to complete questionnaires and enter competitions that lead to the divulgence of personal information or incur unforeseen costs. Also, some sites have advertisements that encourage tweens to acquire products which are costly and unnecessary for them. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Addiction to the internet It is very easy for tweens to get addicted to the internet because it is so interactive. With all the contents available on the internet, tweens would opt to sit in front of a computer all day and this would cause them not to have time to finish assignments or work and decrease the time for socializing with people in person. This usually also causes tweens to be less healthy as they would lack the exercise needed for their body. (What are the risks involved with my child using the internet n.d.) Conclusion To look at the whole argument in an unbiased way, a comparison has to be made between the advantages and disadvantages of the internet. It may appear that it is not advisable for tweens to be allowed internet access because of all the negative effects it may cause. However, from a survey carried out, majority of the people agree that tweens should be given internet access and that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages of the internet. These negative effects are avoidable and it basically comes down to the way tweens use the internet and how much they understand about the internet. These problems may be avoided if they are guided along the way by an adult because an adult is able to differentiate whats good and whats not on the internet and teach tweens how to avoid these sites on the internet. Most of the tweens who suffer from internet disadvantages are those who are ignorant and are not taught well on how to utilize internet as a powerful tool. (1615 words)

Hippocrates :: essays research papers fc

Hippocrates, the central historical figure in Greek medicine, was born in Kos between 470-460 B.C. He was born of an ancestor of Aselepios, the son of Apollo, named Heraklides. He greatened his education by traveling. He traveled often and widely before he settled in Kos to practice and teach medicine. Hippocrates taught in Athens and worked on squaring the circle and also worked on duplicating the cube. He grew far in these areas and although his work is not lost, it must have contained much of what Euclid later included in Books One and Two of the Elements. He believed that experience and mind with speech are the criteria of the knowledge. And according to Hippocrates, the diseases are not due to the "wrath of God", but to natural causes which bring disturbances in the function of the organism. He was set against any idea of sacerdotalism, the belief that priests can act as mediators between God and human beings, and also opposed the spirit of trade-unionism in medicine. He was concerned with the physician's duties, not the "rights". This brought on the greatest legacy of Hippocrates: the Hippocratic Oath. The Hippocratic Oath was the example for medical etiquette for centuries and endures in modified form today. There is some uncertainty about when it was composed, the purposed for which it was intended, and the historical forces which shaped the document. It is said to have been written in the fifth century B.C. It's principles have slightly changed, if at all, regardless of the place and time, social systems, or religious beliefs. It is the basis for graduates of medical schools and the health professions all over the world. Translated, the Hippocratic Oath is against suicide and abortion, which were in consonance with the principles of the Christian Church. Suicide was not proscribed by ancient religions, mostly because they did not know of any eternal punishment for those who had ended their own lives. It is also against surgical procedures and is against the shedding of blood. The blood was where the soul was thought to reside. The second half of the Hippocratic Oath is the ethical half and is inconsistent with the principles and practices of Hippocrates. Hippocrates' work was a breakthrough in medicinal history. He set an example of the ideal physician after which others, centuries after him, copy their existence. It was said by Celsus that "Hippocrates fist gave the physician an independent standing, separating him from the cosmological speculator, or nature philosopher.

Orson Welles Citizen Kane :: Films Movies

Orson Welles' Citizen Kane Having success the first time around is very uncommon. Orson Welles's first feature film richly realizes the full potential of excellent craftsmanship. Citizen Kane is almost indisputably the greatest achievement in the history of filming. In 1941, this film was considered by many as the best film ever made. This film is about the enormous conflict between two twentieth-century icons, publisher William Randolph Hearst and the prodigy of his time, Orson Welles. The rather overwhelming beginning of an opening sequence is still as electrifying as any in the history of movies. That tarnished sign on a forbidding black wire fence is the first thing we see in Orson Welles' Citizen Kane. Citizen Kane is a movie about perception and projection. Indeed, with the complex theme the whole movie seems to be placed in a kind of psychological trauma for the viewers. Citizen Kane is a portrait of a public and private figure that remains tantalizingly unfinished. Excellent acting was revealed for the first time as these new roles played out. Orson Welles was a director ahead of his time and his portrayal of Kane shows his acting ability. This film is one of the first films to rely heavily on style and visuals, Citizen Kane uses camera, lighting, and set techniques to show Kane's rise and fall from power. The movie as a whole -- though as artistically satisfying as a picture can get -- also leaves us with certain unexplicated pieces of Kane's life that only we, as viewers of Citizen Kane, can put together for ourselves. There's no doubt that Citizen Kane is a great movie. It is a pioneering film that forever changed film making. Its plot is one of the most creative and original in all of movie history. Citizen Kane is a brilliantly made film. I can't really take the full impact of it because it was made in 1941, and all the film techniques Welle's used, are used frequently today. Nowadays, a film has to be emotionally involving and have an original plot to get recognition. But back in the 40s, no one had ever seen some of them before, and so it was new and original. Conversely, the film features rapid montage sequences permitting sudden ellipses of time and space for the first time. This was a special technique that Orson Well used time progressing. Opening and concluding with the famous NO TRESPASSING sign outside of his palace, Xanadu, the film depicts newspaper giant Charles Foster Kane's economic and spiritual rise and his eventual

Essay --

Stephen Crane established the naturalist style in literature, where concepts from real life are reconstructed in a fictional context to exemplify the plight of those trapped in the lower dregs of society. Naturalistic writers depict their characters as individuals oppressed by their environment; their acts are based upon their need to survive and the social order they fall into. The ideals of naturalism claim that human beings are not free, but that their actions are controlled and pre-determined mostly by the setting they inhabit and the natural or learned traits they possess. Keith Fudge, author of â€Å"Sisterhood Born from Seduction: Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple, and Stephen Crane’s Maggie Johnson† states that â€Å"Maggie: A Girl of the Streets† has been recognized as â€Å"Naturalism’s first novel† (Fudge 43). The scientific philosophy comprised in naturalism originated from Charles Darwin’s theories of evolution that claim that only the â€Å"fittest† will survive. Throughout the novel, numerous degrees of survival and extinction are depicted; whether it is by Jimmie, Mary, Nell, or Maggie herself. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is indeed a naturalistic tale of both physical and mental survival. Crane’s use of setting, tone, characters, and concepts of Darwinism illustrate this unequivocally. I will begin by fleshing out the concepts of Darwinism and Social Darwinism in the context of the novel and its relation to naturalism. Clarence Darrow spoke this famous line that exemplifies Social Darwinism’s philosophy, which is universally misattributed to Charles Darwin, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but rather the one most adaptable to change†. The environment is of significant importance to s... ... of moral sense; just as it exist in the Galapagos Islands of Darwin. Crane inserts isolated statements which serve to reinforce the Darwinian aspects of the novella. There is a zeitgeist of natural history that runs throughout. The matter of fact retelling of dreadful events, such as when Crane writes, â€Å"The babe, Tommie, died. He went away in an insignificant coffin, his small waxen hand clutching a flower that the girl, Maggie, had stolen from an Italian, she and Jimmie lived.† helps illuminate this point. The first example of Naturalist literature, this novella is original in its approach to literary theory; it is not overly explicit nor does it call for change or revolution in a Marxist fashion, it is unadorned and free of opinion. Maggie: Girl a Girl of the Streets solely recounts what is observable and the rules that are known to be true in the natural world.